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Ninja are believed to have used a large variety of tools and weaponries, including climbing equipment, extending spears, -propelled arrows, and small collapsible boats, which are described and illustrated in the 17th century record Although it is commonly believed that the ninja wore black garb () during their work, as depicted in modern media, there is no evidence for such attire. Instead, ninja usually operated disguised as civilians.


The use of disguises was common and is well documented. Ninjas disguised themselves as priests, entertainers, fortune tellers, merchants, , and monks. The states that their missions were to disguise themselves as firewood gatherers in order to gain information about the enemy. The attire of a mountain ascetic () facilitated travel, as they were common and could travel freely between political boundaries. The loose robes of Buddhist priests also allowed concealed weapons, such as the . or outfits could have allowed the ninja to spy in enemy buildings without rousing suspicion. Disguises as a , a mendicant monk known for playing the , were also effective, as the large "basket" hats traditionally worn by them concealed the head completely.

In his , military historian Hanawa Hokinoichi writes of the ninja that they travelled in disguise into foreign territories to scout enemy forces, set enemy castles on fire, and carry out assassinations using . was the chief role of the ninja. With the aid of disguises, the ninja gathered information on enemy terrain and building specifications as well as obtaining passwords and communiques. The aforementioned supplement to the briefly describes the ninja's role in espionage, as stated that the Iga and Kōka ninja usually infiltrated enemy castles. Turnbull further added that Ninja gained notability as hired mercenaries during the 15th century to use many asymmetrical warfare tactics such as scouting operations, raiding operations, arson, and even . These tactics were considered abhorrent by members of the class. During the , demands for such unconventional operations increased. Meanwhile, Turnbull also stated there is no evidence to prove that Ninja were actively employed as professional assassins and it could be argued that they were just hired bandits. Modern historian Tatsuo Fujita opined that, based on the historical texts in 16th century by Naito Munekatsu, vassal of the , ninja warriors were actually feared as mercenaries who were proficient in the castle siege warfare. Buildings were constructed with traps and trip wires attached to alarm bells to prevent enemy ninja infiltrations. In battle, the ninja were also used to cause confusion amongst the enemy. A degree of in the capturing of enemy banners can be seen illustrated in the , in which a ninja once stole the banner of samurai lord and hoisted it to next day to demoralize Kanetsugu's army in the war.

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Accounts about ninjas' armor cannot be verified. Depictions of famous persons later deemed ninja often show them in , including concealable types of armour made with and that could have been worn by ninja including (jackets) made with armour hidden between layers of cloth. Shin and arm guards along with metal-reinforced hoods are also speculated to have made up the ninja's armor.

Ninja usually worked in a team to scale a wall by providing a human platform to assist their team members in reaching the top of the wall. The gives an account of a coordinated team of infiltrators, who usually made use of to communicate, so they could recognize their allies during their covert operations and when in disguise, as they dressed in the same clothes as the enemy.

Tools used for infiltration and espionage are some of the most abundant artifacts related to the ninja. Ropes and were common, and were tied to the belt. A collapsible ladder is illustrated in the , featuring spikes at both ends to anchor the ladder. Spiked or hooked climbing gear worn on the hands and feet also doubled as weapons. Other implements include , , , and .

The skill sets of ninja agents known in modern times as comprised a variety of espionage and with each its own unique characteristic for each school. Some view as evidence that ninja were not simple mercenaries because texts contained not only information on combat training, but also information about daily needs, which even included mining techniques. The guidance provided for daily work also included elements that enable the ninja to understand the martial qualities of even the most menial task. These factors show how the established among the ninja class the fundamental principle of .


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Despite many popular folktales, historical accounts of the ninja are scarce. Historian asserts that the ninja were mostly recruited from the lower class, and therefore little literary interest was taken in them. The social origin of the ninja is seen as the reason they agree to operate in secret, trading their service for money without honor and glory. The scarcity of historical accounts is also demonstrated in war epics such as and , which focus mainly on the aristocratic samurai, whose deeds were apparently more appealing to the audience. Historian Kiyoshi Watatani states that the ninja were trained to be particularly secretive about their actions and existence:

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Later in history, the Kōga ninja would become regarded as agents of the , at a time when the Shogunate used the ninja in an intelligence network to monitor regional as well as the . During this time, there are some definitive terms to classify their activities such as spying (), (), ambush (), and (). The ninja clans organized into a larger confederation, with their own respective territories. A system of rank existed: a rank ("upper person"), followed by the rank ("middle person"), whose task was to be a personal assistant to the rank ("lower person"), field agents drawn from the lower class for field operations. Ninja trainees also studied survival, and . Physical training involved long-distance runs, climbing, and stealth methods of walking. Training in techniques of disguise was also taught. Some evidence of medical training can be derived from one account, where an Iga ninja provided medical attention to , a general of Tokugawa who was injured by gunfire during the .

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It was believed the espionage activities of Ninja were attributed to Chinese , such as by . According to traditional evaluation, the ninja were stealth soldiers and mercenaries hired mostly by .

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Ninja often used the as their weapon of choice, which was carried on the back. The scabbard of the katana sword of a ninja could be extended out of the sword and used as a long probing device. The sword could also be used to scale a wall, using . There is no known historical information about the straight pre-20th century. The first photograph of a appeared in a booklet by Heishichirō Okuse in 1956. Ninja also used , spikes, , and as weapons, The chain and sickle () was also used by the ninja. Variant explosives such as soft-cased grenades designed to release smoke or poison gas, along with iron or ceramic explosives were also reportedly used.